Spanish validation of the short version of the racing and crowded thoughts questionnaire (RCTQ-13).

BACKGROUND: The Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire (RCTQ-13) is the most widely used specific scale for the measurement of racing thoughts, but there is currently no Spanish version that allow the evaluation in Spanish-speaking patients. The objective of this study is to translate, adapt, and validate the RCTQ-13 in a Colombian population with affective disorders. METHODS: The questionnaire was translated and back-translated, and corrections were implemented following a pilot test to improve comprehensibility. We included patients with Bipolar I Disorder and with Major depressive disorder seen in three centers in the city of Medellín, Colombia. We evaluate structural validity with confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Construct validity was also assessed with the comparison between euthymic, maniac, and depressive episodes and the correlation with worry, rumination, and mania scales. Responsiveness was measured 1 month after the first evaluation. Based on item response theory (IRT), we also estimated item difficulty, discrimination, and fit using a generalized partial credit model. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty subjects were included. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the three-factor structure of the scale was appropriate. Internal consistency was adequate for the entire scale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.94-0.96) and for each factor. Test-retest reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.82, 95%IC: 0.70-0.88). For construct validity, we observed differences between patients with different types of affective episodes, a moderate positive correlation with the Penn State Worry Scale (r = 0.55) and the Ruminative Response Scale (r = 0.42), and a low negative correlation with the Young Mania Rating Scale (r = - 0.10). Responsiveness was proved to be adequate. Under IRT, the response thresholds for the response options are organized for all items. The infit was adequate for all items and the outfit was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the RCTQ-13 is a reliable, valid, and responsive scale and can be used for the clinical assessment of the construct of racing and crowded thoughts in patients with the spectrum of affective disorders in whom this experience can be expressed with different nuances. Further research is needed to expand the relationship with rumination and worry.

Prognostic predictive model for PONV in cesarean delivery

Introduction: Apfel simplified risk score for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has shown to be useful in anesthesia; however, since it has not been calibrated in regional anesthesia or in pregnant patients, its use in cesarean section is limited. Objective: To develop a prognostic predictive model for postoperative nausea and vomiting in pregnant patients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Methods: In a cohort of 703 term pregnant patients scheduled of cesarean section, 15 variables were prospectively assessed, to design a prognostic predictive model for the development of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A logistic regression analysis was used to construct the model and its calibration and discrimination were based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the calibration curves, and C statistic. Additionally, the internal calibration was performed with the Bootstrap resampling method. Results: Postoperative nausea and vomiting were experienced by 27% of the patients during the first six hours after surgery. The model included as prognostic variables the development of intraoperative nausea and vomiting, age under 28 years, a history of PONV, the mother's BMI and the weight of the newborn baby. The model showed an adequate calibration (x2: 4.65 p: 0.5888), though a low discrimination (Statistic C = 0.68). Conclusions: A prognostic predictive model was created for the development of PONV in cesarean section. This model was used to build a prognostic scale for the classification of patients into risk groups.

Introducción: La escala de riesgo simplificada de Apfel para náuseas y vómito posoperatorio (NVPO) ha mostrado utilidad en anestesia; sin embargo, al no haber sido calibrada en anestesia regional o en pacientes embarazadas, su utilidad en cesárea es limitado. Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo de predicción pronóstica para náuseas y vómito posoperatorios en pacientes embarazadas, llevadas a cesárea bajo anestesia espinal. Métodos: En una cohorte de 703 pacientes con embarazo a término programadas para cesárea, se evaluaron 15 variables de forma prospectiva para construir un modelo de predicción pronóstica para el desarrollo de náuseas y vómito posoperatorio. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión logística para la construcción del modelo y se calculó su calibración y discriminación con la prueba de Hosmer-Lemeshow, las curvas de calibración y el estadístico C. Además, se realizó la calibración interna con el método de remuestreo Bootstrap. Resultados: Las náuseas y vómito posoperatorio se presentaron en el 27% de las pacientes durante las primeras seis horas después de la cirugía. El modelo incluyó como variables pro-nósticas el desarrollo de náuseas y vómito en el intraoperatorio, edad menor de 28 años, antecedentes de NVPO, índice de masa corporal (IMC) de la madre y el peso del recién nacido. El modelo mostró una adecuada calibración (x2: 4,65 p: 0,5888), aunque una baja discriminación (Estadístico C = 0,68). Conclusiones: Se construyó un modelo de predicción pronóstica para el desarrollo de NVPO en cirugía cesárea, y con este se construyó una escala pronóstica que permite clasificar a las pacientes por grupos de riesgo.

Validation of the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) for patients in a clinical population of Colombia / Validación de la sexta edición del Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) (ISA-6) en población clínica de Colombia.

Introduction: The Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) is recommended for identifying the needs of addicted patients and assessing the effectiveness of a program. Objective: To develop a version of the ASI-6 suitable for Colombia and trans-linguistically and trans-culturally equivalent to the original. Additionally, this study also sought to assess the reliability and construct validity of the resulting version. Materials and methods: The study included Colombian adults with harmful substance use or dependence syndrome who were being treated at drug addiction centers. The original English version underwent a cultural adaptation process. The scale was translated and back-translated to assess its equivalence. Reliability was assessed in terms of internal consistency and interrater and test-retest reliability. The convergent aspect of the construct validity was assessed via the correlation of the instrument with other scales measuring similar underlying constructs. Results: We found an adequate internal consistency for the subscales of the ASI-6 for its Cronbach´s alpha coefficient was above 0.7 with the exception of the social problems subscale (α=0.66). In addition, interrater and test-retest reliability was high, since their intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was above 0.7 for all the subscales. Construct validity was demonstrated by a Spearman correlation coefficient ranging from 0.53 to 0.88 between the ASI-6 subscales and other similar scales. Conclusion: The version of the ASI-6 adapted to the Colombian context was found to have good reliability and validity, thus it can be introduced into clinical practice. However, additional studies are needed to evaluate its responsiveness and structural validity.

Introducción. Se recomienda el uso del Addicition Severity Index en su sexta versión (ASI-6) para establecer las necesidades del paciente con adicciones y evaluar la efectividad de los programas. Objetivo. Desarrollar una versión para Colombia del ASI-6 garantizando la equivalencia translingüística y transcultural, y evaluar su confiabilidad y la validez de constructo. Materiales y métodos. En el estudio se incluyeron adultos con trastornos debidos al uso de sustancias bajo tratamiento en centros de atención de la drogodependencia. Se adaptó la versión en español con base en la original en inglés y, posteriormente, se tradujo al inglés la versión así adaptada para determinar su equivalencia. Se evaluó la confiabilidad en cuanto a la consistencia interna, así como la reproducibilidad prueba-reprueba y la confiabilidad interevaluador. La validez convergente del constructo se comprobó mediante la correlación con cuestionarios que miden constructos similares a los subyacentes a cada subescala del ISA-6. Resultados. Se encontró una consistencia interna adecuada, con un alfa de Cronbach por encima de 0,7 en todas las subescalas, excepto la "Social" (α=0,66). La confiabilidad entre evaluadores y de la prueba-reprueba fueron altas, con coeficientes de correlación intraclase mayores de 0,7 en todas las subescalas. El aspecto convergente de la validez de constructo se demostró al obtener coeficientes de correlación de Spearman entre 0,53 y 0,88 en las subescalas del ISA-6 comparadas con cuestionarios que miden constructos similares. Conclusión. La versión del ISA-6 adaptada al contexto colombiano evidenció una confiabilidad y una validez de constructo adecuadas, por lo que puede introducirse en la clínica, aunque se requieren estudios para conocer su sensibilidad al cambio y su validez estructural.

Validación de la sexta edición del Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) (ISA-6) en población clínica de Colombia / Validation of the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) for patients in a clinical population of Colombia

Resumen Introducción. Se recomienda el uso del Addicition Severity Index en su sexta versión (ASI- 6) para establecer las necesidades del paciente con adicciones y evaluar la efectividad de los programas. Objetivo. Desarrollar una versión para Colombia del ASI-6 garantizando la equivalencia translingüística y transcultural, y evaluar su confiabilidad y la validez de constructo. Materiales y métodos. En el estudio se incluyeron adultos con trastornos debidos al uso de sustancias bajo tratamiento en centros de atención de la drogodependencia. Se adaptó la versión en español con base en la original en inglés y, posteriormente, se tradujo al inglés la versión así adaptada para determinar su equivalencia. Se evaluó la confiabilidad en cuanto a la consistencia interna, así como la reproducibilidad prueba-reprueba y la confiabilidad interevaluador. La validez convergente del constructo se comprobó mediante la correlación con cuestionarios que miden constructos similares a los subyacentes a cada subescala del ISA-6. Resultados. Se encontró una consistencia interna adecuada, con un alfa de Cronbach por encima de 0,7 en todas las subescalas, excepto la "Social" (α=0,66). La confiabilidad entre evaluadores y de la prueba-reprueba fueron altas, con coeficientes de correlación intraclase mayores de 0,7 en todas las subescalas. El aspecto convergente de la validez de constructo se demostró al obtener coeficientes de correlación de Spearman entre 0,53 y 0,88 en las subescalas del ISA-6 comparadas con cuestionarios que miden constructos similares. Conclusión. La versión del ISA-6 adaptada al contexto colombiano evidenció una confiabilidad y una validez de constructo adecuadas, por lo que puede introducirse en la clínica, aunque se requieren estudios para conocer su sensibilidad al cambio y su validez estructural.

Abstract Introduction: The Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) is recommended for identifying the needs of addicted patients and assessing the effectiveness of a program. Objective: To develop a version of the ASI-6 suitable for Colombia and trans-linguistically and trans-culturally equivalent to the original. Additionally, this study also sought to assess the reliability and construct validity of the resulting version. Materials and methods: The study included Colombian adults with harmful substance use or dependence syndrome who were being treated at drug addiction centers. The original English version underwent a cultural adaptation process. The scale was translated and back-translated to assess its equivalence. Reliability was assessed in terms of internal consistency and interrater and test-retest reliability. The convergent aspect of the construct validity was assessed via the correlation of the instrument with other scales measuring similar underlying constructs. Results: We found an adequate internal consistency for the subscales of the ASI-6 for its Cronbach´s alpha coefficient was above 0.7 with the exception of the social problems subscale (α=0.66). In addition, interrater and test-retest reliability was high, since their intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was above 0.7 for all the subscales. Construct validity was demonstrated by a Spearman correlation coefficient ranging from 0.53 to 0.88 between the ASI-6 subscales and other similar scales. Conclusion: The version of the ASI-6 adapted to the Colombian context was found to have good reliability and validity, thus it can be introduced into clinical practice. However, additional studies are needed to evaluate its responsiveness and structural validity.

Validación del cuestionario de 90 síntomas SCL-90-R de Derogatis en una muestra clínica colombiana / Validation of Derogatis' Questionnaire of 90 Symtoms (SCL-90-R) in a Colombian clinical sample / Validação do teste dos 90 síntomas SCL-90-R de Derogatis em uma amostra clínica colombiana

Introducción. El cuestionario de comprobación de 90 síntomas (SCL­90­R) se utiliza, con frecuencia, en la exploración de la salud mental. Sin embargo, no existen estudios sobre su validez ni sobre la sensibilidad al cambio en la población clínica colombiana. El objetivo es establecer las propiedades estructurales y psicométricas del SCL­90­R para muestras clínicas colombianas e identificar diferencias con relación al género y a la sensibilidad de cambio. Metodología. Diseño longitudinal con tres meses de diferencia entre la primera y la segunda observación. Participaron 214 pacientes que asistían a consultas (51.9% hombres y 43.1% mujeres), con edad media de 26 años (desviación 11.3). Se realizó tanto el análisis factorial confirmatorio como el exploratorio para buscar los mejores índices de validez. Instrumentos: El SCL­90­R y el cuestionario sociodemográfico y de características de la psicoterapia. Resultados. Se identificaron adecuados niveles de confiabilidad con alfas de Cronbach entre 0.74 y 0.90. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró índices de bondad de ajuste bajos: Índices de bondad de ajuste comparativo = 0.67, Índice de Tucker-Lewis = 0.65 e Índice de ajuste normalizado = 0.508, y valor de la aproximación del error cuadrático medio de 0.068. La solución final del análisis factorial exploratorio mostró un índice Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin de 0.92 y un resultado significativo en la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett (Chi cuadrado = 3,682.9; gl = 603, valor p < 0.001). Esta estructura incluyó 36 ítems para una razón de tamaño de muestra/ítems igual a 5.9 y representó el 60.7% de la varianza total, con siete de los nueve factores que contiene el cuestionario original: depresión, obsesiones y compulsiones, somatización, ansiedad, hostilidad, ansiedad fóbica e ideación paranoide. Se identificaron para ambas versiones adecuados índices de sensibilidad al cambio. Con relación a las diferencias según el género, se reportaron diferencias significativas en algunos factores, con puntuaciones superiores en las mujeres; para el cuestionario original se identificaron diferencias en el factor ansiedad y en el cuestionario abreviado, en el factor depresión y hostilidad. Conclusiones. El cuestionario original reportó adecuados niveles de confiabilidad. El cuestionario abreviado, que se generó a través del análisis factorial exploratorio, reportó adecuados niveles tanto de confiabilidad como de validez. Ambas versiones del cuestionario presentaron sensibilidad para detectar cambios en un segundo momento de la evaluación. [Londoño NH, Agudelo DM, Martínez E, Anguila D, Aguirre DC, Arias JF. Validación de la escala de 90 síntomas SCL-90-R de Derogatis en una muestra clínica colombiana. MedUNAB. 2018;21(2):45-59. doi:10.29375/01237047.2807].

Introduction. Questionnaire of 90 symptoms (SCL-90-R) is frequently used in the exploration of mental health, but there are no studies on its validity or sensitivity to change in Colombian clinical population. The objective is to establish the structural and psychometric properties of SCL-90-R for Colombian clinical samples, and to identify differences in relation to gender and sensitivity to change. Methodology. Longitudinal design with a three-month difference between the first and second observation. 214 patients participated (51.9% men and 43.1% women), with a mean age of 26 years (deviation 11.3). Both the confirmatory factorial analysis and the exploratory one were carried out to search for the best validity indexes. Instruments: SCL-90-R, and sociodemographic questionnaire and characteristics of psychotherapy. Results. Levels of reliability were identified as adequate with Cronbach alphas 0.74 to 0.90. The confirmatory factor analysis showed low goodness of fit on the indexes: Comparative goodness indexes = 0.67, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.65 and normalized adjustment index = 0.508, and approximate value of the mean square error of 0.068. The final solution of the exploratory factor analysis showed a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index of 0.92 and a significant result in the Bartlett sphericity test (Chi square = 3,682.9, gl = 603, p-value < 0.001). This structure included 36 items for a sample/item size ratio = 5.9 and explained 60.7% of the total variance, with seven of the nine factors that the original questionnaire contains: depression, obsessions/compulsions, somatization, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety and paranoid ideation. Indices of sensitivity to change were identified for both versions. Regarding the difference according to sex, significant differences were reported in some factors, with higher scores in women; for the original questionnaire, differences were found in the anxiety factor, and on the abbreviated questionnaire in the depression factor and hostility. Conclusions. The original questionnaire reported adequate levels of reliability. The abbreviated questionnaire, generated through exploratory factor analysis, reported adequate levels of both reliability and validity. Both versions of the scale presented sensitivity to detect changes in a second evaluation moment. [Londoño NH, Agudelo DM, Martínez E, Anguila D, Aguirre DC, Arias JF. Validation of Derogatis' Questionnaire of 90 Symtoms (SCL-90-R) in a Colombian clinical sample. MedUNAB. 2018;21(2):45-59.doi:10.29375/01237047.2807].

Introdução. O teste dos 90 sintomas (SCL-90-R) é freqüentemente usado na avaliação da saúde mental. Entretanto não há estudos sobre sua validade ou sobre a sensibilidade à mudança na população clínica colombiana. O objetivo é estabelecer as propriedades estruturais e psicométricas do SCL-90-R para amostras clínicas colombianas e identificar diferenças em relação a gênero e sensibilidade à mudança. Metodologia. Estudo longitudinal com três meses de diferença entre a primeira e a segunda observação. Participaram 214 pacientes que compareceram às consultas (51.9% homens e 43.1% mulheres), com média de idade de 26 anos (desvio 11.3). Tanto a análise fatorial confirmatória quanto a exploratória foram realizadas para encontrar os melhores índices de validade. Instrumentos: SCL-90-R e o questionário sociodemográfico e de características da psicoterapia. Resultados. Identificamos níveis adequados de confiabilidade com alfa de Cronbach entre 0.74 e 0.90. A análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou baixos índices de bondade de ajuste: índices comparativos de bondade = 0.67, índice de Tucker-Lewis = 0.65 e índice de ajuste normalizado = 0.508 e valor aproximado do erro quadrático médio de 0.068. A solução final da análise fatorial exploratória mostrou um índice de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin de 0.92 e um resultado significativo no teste de esfericidade de Bartlett (qui quadrado = 3,682.9 gl = 603, valor de p < 0.001). Essa estrutura incluiu 36 itens para uma razão de tamanho de amostra / item = 5.9 e representou 60.7% da variância total, com sete dos nove fatores contidos no teste: depressão, obsessões e compulsões, somatização, ansiedade, hostilidade, ansiedade fóbica e ideação paranóica. Índices adequados de sensibilidade à mudança foram identificados nas duas versões. Em relação às diferenças de acordo com o gênero, foram encontradas diferenças significativas em alguns fatores, com pontuações maiores nas mulheres. No teste original, foram encontradas diferenças no fator ansiedade e no teste adaptado no fator depressão e hostilidade. Conclusões. O teste original relatou níveis adequados de confiabilidade. O teste adaptado que foi gerado através da análise fatorial exploratória, relatou níveis adequados de confiabilidade e validade. Ambas as versões do teste apresentaram sensibilidade para detectar mudanças em um segundo momento da avaliação. [Londoño NH, Agudelo DM, Martínez E, Anguila D, Aguirre DC, Arias JF. Validação do teste dos 90 síntomas SCL-90-R de Derogatis em uma amostra clínica colombiana. MedUNAB. 2018;21(2):45-59. doi:10.29375/01237047.2807].

Cuestionario de efectividad de la psicoterapia outcome questionnaire. validación en muestra clínica colombiana / Questions effectiveness of psychotherapy outcome questionnaire. validation in colombian clinical sample

Resumen Establecer las propiedades estructurales y psicométricas del OQ-45.2 e identificar la sensibilidad al cambio y diferencias según género. Método: se realizó en población clínica, participaron 214 consultantes (111 hombres y 103 mujeres), Instrumento: Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2). Resultados: El AFC mostró índices de bondad de ajuste bajos y valor de RMSEA de 0.071. Se recomendó realizar el AFE, y esta estructura incluyó 20 ítems y explicó el 58,8% de la varianza total: preocupación, problemas del desempeño del rol social, insatisfacción global, alcohol/drogas, dificultades en las relaciones e insatisfacción en las relaciones afectivas. Para la escala original, los coeficientes se encontraron entre 0.52 y 0.92; no se presentaron diferencias según género en ninguno de los factores pero sí sensibilidad al cambio en la terapia en todas las dimensiones. Para la estructura encontrada a través del AFE con 20 ítems, los coeficientes se encontraron entre 0.47 y 0.75. Los índices de ajustes para esta nueva estructura fueron muy favorables (CFI = 0,920, TLI = 0,902 y NFI = 0,790) y valor de RMSEA de 0.046. Se reportaron diferencias con relación al género en las dimensiones Insatisfacción global (más elevadas en mujeres) y Alcohol/droga (puntuaciones más elevadas en hombre). La prueba reportó sensibilidad al cambio en la escala original en Estrés, Desempeño y Relaciones interpersonales negativas, y en la escala abreviada en Preocupación, Problemas del rol social e Insatisfacción en las relaciones afectivas. Conclusiones: el OQ 45.2 no presentó una estructura adecuada a través del AFC. El AFE reportó 6 factores y 20 ítems, adecuados índices de ajustes, pero no todos los factores con buen nivel de confiabilidad.

Abstract To establish the structural and psychometric properties of the OQ-45.2 and identify sensitivity to change and differences by gender. Method: It was done in clinical population included 214 consultants (111 men and 103 women) Instrument: Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2). Results: The AFC showed low rates of kindness adjustment and RMSEA value of 0.071. It was recommended that the AFE, and this structure included 20 items, explaining 58.8% of the total variance: worry, problems performing the social role, overall dissatisfaction, alcohol / drugs, relationship difficulties and dissatisfaction with relationships. For the original scale, the coefficients were found between 0.52 and 0.92; no gender difference appeared in any of the factors but sensitivity to change in therapy in all dimensions. For the structure found throughout the AFE with 20 items, the coefficients were between 0.47 and 0.75. The rates for this new structure adjustments were very suitable (CFI = 0.920, TLI = 0.902 and NFI = 0.790) and RMSEA value of 0.046. Gender-related differences in size (higher in women) overall dissatisfaction and Alcohol / drug (higher scores in man) were reported. The test reported sensitivity to change in the original scale Stress, Performance and negative interpersonal relations, and the abbreviated scale Worry, Problems of the social role and Dissatisfaction in relationships. Conclusions: 45.2 OQ did not provide a suitable structure through the AFC. The AFE reported six factors and 20 items, appropriate indexes setup, but not all factors with a high level of reliability.

Baja incidencia de enfermedad linfoproliferativa postrasplante renal con uso predominante de Alemtuzumab / Low incidence of limphoproliferative disease post kidney transplantation with prevalent use of Alemtuzumab

Introducción: Se conoce que la incidencia de malignidad es significativamente mayor en los pacientes trasplantados que en la población general. La incidencia de enfermedad linfoproliferativa post trasplante (PTLD) es aproximadamente de 1% a 2% en los receptores de trasplante renal. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de PTLD en el seguimiento de pacientes trasplantados de riñón entre el 2005 y el 2010. Material y Métodos: Se tomaron de forma retrospectiva los datos de pacientes trasplantados de riñón entre los años 2005 a 2010 para determinar el número de casos de PTLD según el esquema inductor usado. Resultados: Se trasplantaron 425 pacientes en el periodo 2005 - 2010. Recibieron alemtuzumab 76.2%, daclizumab 10.7%, basiliximab 3.6% y timoglobulina 2.4%. No recibieron inducción con anticuerpos el 7 %. Durante este tiempo se presentaron 2 casos de PTLD: 1 con mieloma múltiple y otro con linfoma. Uno de ellos recibió alemtuzumab y otro timoglobulina. Conclusiones: En esta cohorte de pacientes donde se usó predominantemente alemtuzumab, la incidencia de PTLD fue más baja que lo reportado en estudios previos.

Introduction: It is well known that the incidence of malignancy is significantly higher in transplanted patients than in general population. The incidence of lymphoproliferative disease post-transplantation (PTLD) is approximately of 1% to 2% in kidney transplantation recipients. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the PTLD incidence when monitoring kidney transplanted patients between the years 2005 and 2010. Material and Methods: Kidney transplanted patients' data was retrospectively taken between the years 2005 to 2010 in order to determine the number of PTLD cases according to the inductor scheme used. Results: 425 patients were transplanted between 2005 and 2010. They received alemtuzumab 76.2%,daclizumab 10.7%, basiliximab 3.6% and thymoglobulin 2.4%. The 7% did not receive antibody induction. During this period 2 cases of PTLD ocurred: One with multiple myeloma and the other with lymphoma. One of them had been treated with alemtuzumab and the other with thymoglobulin. Conclusions: The PTLD incidence in our group, where alemtuzumab was used predominantly as inductor, was very low; this might suggest that alemtuzumab is a medication that does not increase the risk of this kind of neoplasia.

Histoplasmosis en pacientes con sida: Un estudio de cohorte en Medellín, Colombia / Histoplasmosis in AIDS patients: A cohort study in Medellín, Colombia

Introducción: la histoplasmosis es una micosis endémica en nuestro país y una complicación relativamente frecuente de los pacientes con sida. El objetivo del estudio era identificar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes con sida coinfectados con histoplasmosis. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl, en Medellín, con 1177 pacientes con VIH atendidos en un programa especializado de sida. Se identificaron los pacientes con histoplasmosis confirmada por aislamiento del hongo, o identificaci&oacut compatibles con Histoplasma capsulatum, mediante microscopía. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio, comorbilidad, tratamiento recibido y mortalidad. Resultados: La histoplasmosis afectó a 44 de 709 pacientes con sida (6,2%). Entre éstos, el 95,4% tuvo fiebre, el 54,5% enfermedad diseminada e;n de levaduras intracelulares y el 61,3% compromiso pulmonar. El cultivo fue positivo en el 89,3% y la histopatología en el 93,3%. Se encontró tuberculosis concomitante en el 15,9% y neumocistosis en el 11,4%. La mortalidad fue del 22,7%. El riesgo de morir fue mayor en pacientes con formas diseminadas (todas las muertes ocurrieron en sujetos con este tipo de compromiso), disnea (RR 13; IC95% 1,8-93,8), hipotensión (RR 4,5; IC95% 1,6-13,1), deshidrogenasa láctica (DHL) >2 veces (RR 5,2; IC95% 1,2-22,5), y fue menor en quienes recibieron Anfotericina B (RR 0,3; IC95% 0,1-0,8). Discusión: en la región, la histoplasmosis es frecuente en pacientes con sida, y el rendimiento diagnóstico de las técnicas de rutina para H. capsulatum es alto, por lo que deben solicitarse en cualquier caso compatible. Demostrar la comorbilidad sida-histoplasmosis no descarta otras infecciones oportunistas. Los pacientes con formas diseminadas, disnea, hipotensión y DHL alta tienen mayor riesgo de muerte. El tratamiento con anfotericina B se asoció con una mayor sobrevida.

Introduction: histoplasmosis is an endemic mycosis in Colombia and a relatively common complication in HIV patients. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics and mortality risk factors in patients infected with histoplasmosis and HIV. Materials and methods: a retrospective cohort study was carried out at Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl in Medellín with 1177 HIVpositive patients. Patients with histoplasmosis were confirmed by isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from culture or by identification of intracellular yeasts through microscopy. Data collected from patients included demographic and clinical variables, laboratory values, treatment, and survival. Results: histoplasmosis affected 44/709 patients with AIDS (6.2%). Out of those, 95.4% had fever, 54.5% disseminated illness, and 61.3% pulmonary disease. Culture was positive in 89.3%, and histopathology in 93.3%. Concomitant tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jirovecii infection were diagnosed in 15.9% and 11.4%, respectively. General mortality was 22.7%. Mortality was higher in patients with disseminated forms (all 10 deaths occurred in this fashion), dyspnea (RR 13; 95% CI 1.8-93.8), hypotension (RR 4.5; 95% CI 1.6-13.1), lactate dehydrogenase >2 times the upper limit of the normal range (RR 5.2; 95% CI 1.2-22.5), and it was lower among patients treated with amphotericine B (RR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.8). Discusion: histoplasmosis is frequent in AIDS patients in the region. As the diagnosis yield of routine techniques to identify H. capsulatum is high, they must be required in any compatible setting. Many patients with AIDS-histoplasmosis co-infection acquire other opportunistic infections. Patients with disseminated forms, dyspnea, hypotension, and high levels of DHL have a higher mortality risk. Exposure to amphotericine B is associated with longer survival.

Diseño y análisis comparativo de un inventario de indicadores de mortalidad evitable adaptado a las condiciones sanitarias de Colombia / Design and comparative analysis of an inventory of avoidable mortality indicators specific to health conditions in Colombia

OBJETIVOS: Elaborar un inventario de indicadores de mortalidad evitable (INIME) que permita analizar las fallas en el control de los riesgos de mortalidad predominantes en Colombia y comparar los resultados de su aplicación con los obtenidos mediante dos enfoques ampliamente utilizados. MÉTODOS: Se revisaron los registros oficiales de mortalidad de Colombia de 1985 a 2001; las causas básicas de muerte se clasificaron según la CIE-9. Se seleccionaron los indicadores de mortalidad evitable (ME) mediante un algoritmo que combinó las listas de Holland y de Taucher, la definición de Rutstein y colaboradores y el principio de Uemura. Se compararon las proporciones de muertes evitables resultantes de aplicar el INIME y las dos listas de ME a una base de datos con los registros oficiales de defunciones de Colombia de 1993 a 1996. RESULTADOS: De las 680617 defunciones registradas en el período de estudio, se clasificaron como evitables 18,2 por ciento según la lista de Holland y 51,3 por ciento según la lista de Taucher. La ME según el INIME ascendió a 76,7 por ciento. Este patrón se mantuvo relativamente estable entre 1993 y 1996. Las diferencias observadas en la proporción de muertes evitables según el INIME y las dos listas de ME se relacionaron con el perfil epidemiológico local y el enfoque conceptual de cada lista. CONCLUSIONES: Las diferencias entre el INIME y las listas de ME de Holland y de Taucher muestran las consecuencias de usar una u otra clasificación en el contexto colombiano. El INIME puede constituir un recurso valioso para fundamentar y evaluar políticas sanitarias, pero debe ajustarse a la situación específica en que se aplique.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a list of indicators of avoidable mortality (LIAM) in order to analyze failed efforts to control the mortality risks prevalent in Colombia, and to compare its results to those of two widely-used approaches. METHODS: The official mortality records of Colombia for 1985-2001 were reviewed; the basic causes of death were classified according to the ICD-9. Indicators of avoidable mortality (AM) were selected using an algorithm that combined the lists of Holland and Taucher, the definition of Rutstein and colleagues, and the principle of Uemura. The proportions of avoidable deaths that resulted from applying the LIAM and the two AM lists were compared to a database containing Colombia's official death records from 1993-1996. RESULTS: Of the 680 617 deaths registered during the study period, 18.2 percent were classified as avoidable according to Holland's list, and 51.3 percent, by Taucher's list. According to the LIAM, avoidable mortality rose to 76.7 percent. This pattern remained relatively stable in 1993-1996. The differences observed between the proportions of avoidable deaths according to the LIAM and that of the two other lists were related to the local epidemiological profile and the conceptual approach of each list. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between the LIAM and the AM lists of Taucher and of Holland attest to the consequences of using one or another classification in the Colombian context. The LIAM can be a valuable resource for undergirding and evaluating health policies, but must be adjusted to the specific situation in which it is applied.

[Design and comparative analysis of an inventory of avoidable mortality indicators specific to health conditions in Colombia]. / Diseño y análisis comparativo de un inventario de indicadores de mortalidad evitable adaptado a las condiciones sanitarias de Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a list of indicators of avoidable mortality (LIAM) in order to analyze failed efforts to control the mortality risks prevalent in Colombia, and to compare its results to those of two widely-used approaches. METHODS: The official mortality records of Colombia for 1985-2001 were reviewed; the basic causes of death were classified according to the ICD-9. Indicators of avoidable mortality (AM) were selected using an algorithm that combined the lists of Holland and Taucher, the definition of Rutstein and colleagues, and the principle of Uemura. The proportions of avoidable deaths that resulted from applying the LIAM and the two AM lists were compared to a database containing Colombia's official death records from 1993-1996. RESULTS: Of the 680 617 deaths registered during the study period, 18.2% were classified as avoidable according to Holland's list, and 51.3%, by Taucher's list. According to the LIAM, avoidable mortality rose to 76.7%. This pattern remained relatively stable in 1993-1996. The differences observed between the proportions of avoidable deaths according to the LIAM and that of the two other lists were related to the local epidemiological profile and the conceptual approach of each list. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between the LIAM and the AM lists of Taucher and of Holland attest to the consequences of using one or another classification in the Colombian context. The LIAM can be a valuable resource for undergirding and evaluating health policies, but must be adjusted to the specific situation in which it is applied.

Caracterización neuropsicológica de pacientes con glioma tratados en el instituto de cancerología de Medellín / Neuropsychological characteristics of patients with glioma treated in the Institute of cancer of Medellín Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: el 50 al 80 por ciento de los pacientes con gliomas presentan perturbaciones cognitivas, lo cual empeora la calidad de vida del enfermo. OBJETIVOS: analizar las características neuropsicológicas en pacientes con gliomas del instituto de cancerología de Medellín. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se seleccionaron 50 pacientes con glioma, a quienes se les aplicó una batería neuropsicológica para evaluar atención, memoria, habilidades visuales y constructivas, lenguaje y función ejecutiva. Se compararon los promedios de los pacientes con los de la población general colombiana, también entre grupos de acuerdo con la localización, el tamaño, el grado de malignidad; lo mismo que entre grupos según edad, escolaridad y género. RESULTADOS: la proporción entre hombres (52 por ciento) y mujeres (48 por ciento) fue similar. La localización más frecuente fue del lóbulo frontal (32 por ciento) con predominio del lado derecho (20 por ciento). El tamaño del tumor en el 48 por ciento de la muestra fue de 3cm o más y en 50 por ciento se encuentra en un grado de malignidad avanzado. Hubo alteración en todas las funciones neuropsicológicas en comparación con la población general. Los lesionados del lado izquierdo tuvieron alteraciones significativas en la fluidez verbal y en la capacidad de categorización. Aquellos con lesiones posteriores tuvieron ejecuciones más bajas que los pacientes con lesiones frontales en la capacidad intelectual, las habilidades constructivas y en memoria. Como dato inesperado no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de función ejecutiva. CONCLUSIONES: los pacientes con glioma tuvieron lentitud en las ejecuciones, fallas en el almacenamiento y evocación de la información y características de afasia sensorial transcortical.

INTRODUCTION: 50 to 80 per cent of the patients with brain gliomas have cognitive impairment, which produces worsening of the quality of life. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the neuropsychological characteristics in patients with gliomas from the Instituto de Cancerología (Cancer Institute) of Medellín. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 50 patients with malignant brain tumors (gliomas) were selected. A neuropsychological battery to assess attention, memory, visual and motor skills, language and executive function was administered. Patient’s performance was compared to Colombian general population; also groups of patients according to tumor localization, size and grade of severity were analyzed; similar comparisons were done between age, gender and school achievement groups. RESULTS: gender distribution was similar (males 52 per cent and females 48 per cent). Frontal localizations (32 per cent) were the most frequent, and predominate in the right hemisphere (20 per cent). Tumor size was over 3 cm in 48 por ciento of the sample, and 50 per cent had a severe malignity grade. There was alteration in all of the assessed neuropsychological functions, compared to general population. Patients with left tumors had significant impairment in verbal fluency and categorization ability. Those with posterior lesions had low performance in intellectual level, motor skills and memory. As an unexpected data significant differences were not found in executive function related to frontal lobe localization. CONCLUSIONS: patients with gliomas had slowing to store and to retrieve information, and had features of sensory transcortical aphasia.

Environmental influences that affect attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: study of a genetic isolate.

Three independent complex segregation analyses found that the cause of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was the presence of major genes interacting with environmental influences. In order to identify potential environmental risk factors for ADHD in the Paisa community--a very well described, genetically isolated group--we randomly selected a sample of 486 children between 6 and 11 years of age. This group included 200 children with ADHD (149 males and 51 females) and 286 healthy controls (135 males and 151 females). The ADHD DSM-IV diagnosis was obtained using the DICA and BASC evaluation instruments, and the children's mothers or grandmothers filled out a questionnaire on each child's exposure to prenatal, neonatal, and early childhood risk factors. The data were analyzed using cross tabulation and stepwise logistic multiple-regression analyses. Cross tabulation associated ADHD with a variety of factors, including miscarriage symptoms, premature delivery symptoms, maternal respiratory viral infection, moderate to severe physical illness in the mother during gestation, prenatal cigarette and alcohol exposure, neonatal seizures, asphyxia or anoxia, severe neonatal illness, mild speech retardation, moderate brain injury, and febrile seizures (odds ratio >or= 2, P < 0.05). Stepwise logistic multiple-regression analysis also uncovered a block of variables, including male gender, maternal illnesses, prenatal alcohol exposure, mild speech retardation, febrile seizures, and moderate brain injury (odds ratio >or= 2.0, P < 0.05). Future studies on the risk of developing ADHD must include these environmental factors as covariates.